FAYETTEVILLE, Ark. - Lessons learned in a communication group at the University of Arkansas offer people with serious communication problems a way to redefine who they are on their own terms.
When stroke or disease damages the ability to understand or use language - a condition known as aphasia - more is lost than words and sentences. Since people express who they are through conversation and other communication, aphasia can mean a loss of self, what University of Arkansas researcher Barbara B. Shadden has called "identity theft."
Shadden and sociologist Patricia R. Koski have applied sociological theory to illuminate the process of a communication group for people with aphasia. An article about the results of the group, "Social Construction of Self for Persons with Aphasia: When Language as a Cultural Tool is Impaired," appears in a recent issue of the Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology.
Theorists in a number of disciplines agree that "language, talk and communication are critical elements of the ongoing construction of self," the researchers wrote. When people with aphasia are involved with the medical system, their role as patients reshapes their life stories. Often they begin to see themselves as powerless, incompetent and socially marginal.
"The way you create yourself is that you tell a story," Koski said. "Think of how you present yourself to other people. You tell a story. It's not just a presentation of self - it's a creation of self."
"But if something happens to that communication tool that lets you tell that story," Shadden said, "then how do you do it? How do you create yourself? What do you do if your tool has failed you and others don't know who you are?"
In 2004, a communication group was created at the University of Arkansas Speech and Hearing Clinic as a way of "transforming communication strategies learned in individual therapy into a broader social context." While communications professionals in the group facilitated discussion, everyone participated on an equal footing, which created very different relationships than are typically seen with the medical model.
"The medical model is a very comfortable model," Koski said. "There's you the professional, and there's that other person the client. You treat the client. You have power, you are separate, and you don't have to take a risk. This support group was based on the assumption that there was fundamentally no power difference."
Shadden had always taught her clinical students that they were dealing with a person first and a disorder second. With the communication group, she said, "We were trying to put some teeth into that."
The group was a place for people with aphasia to use the cultural tools available to tell the story of who they had been and were becoming. A cultural tool is more than the act of speaking and using language. Cultural tools include, among other things, beliefs, assumptions, values, posture, gestures, facial expressions - and assistive devices. For people who have lost their ability to use language, assistive devices may involve computer programs or other people.
"Being articulate is a really important tool in our society. Being able to express things well with a voice is an incredibly important tool," Koski said.
"That idea of voice, not in just the literal sense, but the idea of 'having a voice,' is really about having a self. You can't separate the two," Shadden said.
The logistics of the communication group were simple. People were seated in a way to maximize social support and communication. For example, a woman who could write but not speak was seated next to a man who could read and share her writings with the group. Group members selected personal biographical discussion topics ranging from the first kiss and first car to vacations of the past and future. Topics were selected well in advance to give everyone time to prepare. Facilitators were active and equal participants in the discussion, presenting their own personal story along with everyone else.
Shadden and Koski use the example of Jack to show the impact of the group process. A stroke had left him able to say little more than "uh huh" and "no" while also communicating through facial expressions, various vocalizations and drawing. Eight years after the stroke, Jack and his wife both expressed anger and frustration and seemed to be focused on what he was unable to do. He had an assistive tool that he avoided using.
"In my discipline people think if you get the right computerized device into someone's hands that will solve the problem. That's the easy part," Shadden said. "Figuring out what they can and can't do is easy. Figuring out what they will or won't do is hard. What matters about a tool is what you do with it."
Over the course of a year and a half, Jack responded to the group story-telling exercises and the good-humored support by engaging in more complex explanations of his feelings. He was transformed "as he found his voice and was able to share his life story." Subsequently, when faced with the life-threatening result of a medical test, he was able to discuss it with the group and later with his wife.
"For the first time, they began to communicate about how they wanted to live their lives in the face of this threat. During the course of this transformation, his wife appeared to be picking up her life story as well, as anger abated and her life story expanded beyond being married to an angry man who had had a stroke."
Shadden, Koski and colleague Fran Hagstrom will be publishing a book to be released in spring 2008 about the importance of sharing one's story in the process of maintaining and reconstructing a sense of self. Aimed at both practitioners and researchers, the book includes theoretical discussion and individual life stories from persons whose communication has been disrupted by a number of neurological conditions, including aphasia, ALS, Parkinson's disease, and dementia.
Shadden is a professor and director of the Speech and Hearing Clinic in the College of Education and Health Professions. Koski is an associate professor in the department of sociology and criminal justice and associate dean of the University of Arkansas Graduate School. Hagstrom is an assistant professor of communication disorders, also in the College of Education and Health Professions.
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